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IN THE LAST TWO DECADES, THE IMPLICATION OF THE ECCENTRICITY TECHNOLOGY HAS INCREASINGLY SPREAD THROUGHOUT DIFFERENT FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. IN GENERAL, THE PURPOSE OF PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS ON PHYSICAL MODELS IN THE FIELD OF ENGINEERING IS PREDICTING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PROTOTYPE, INVESTIGATING THE VALIDITY OF A THEORY OR TO USE IT AS A METHOD OF ANALYZING AND EVALUATING THE FEATURES OF MATERIAL ENGINEERING, FINDING NEW ENGINEERING MECHANISMS AND ALSO TO USE IT FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES. IN THE FIELD OF GEO-TECHNIQUE ENGINEERING, USUALLY, THE SHOCKS CAUSED BY THE SOILS BODY FORCES CONTAINS A SIGNIFICANT PART OF ALL SHOCKS AND ALSO THE MECHANICAL FEATURES OF THE SOIL HIGHLY DEPENDS ON THESE SHOCKS. THE NATURE OF MANY GEO-TECHNIQUE CASES IN SHORE AND OFF-SHORE AREAS, AND THE COMPLICATION OF LOADINGS AND THE STRUCTURAL INTERACTIONS INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND PHYSICAL MODELING, ESPECIALLY THE ECCENTRICITY EXPERIMENTS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WHILE BRIEFLY SURVEYING THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PERFORMING THE ECCENTRICITY EXPERIMENTS AND THE EQUATIONS OF THE NECESSARY SCALES, THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PUBLISHED FINDINGS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF MARITIME GEO-TECHNIQUE INVESTIGATED BY USING THIS TECHNOLOGY ARE PROPOSED. FINALLY, THE ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED IN THE FIELD OF ESTABLISHING AN ECCENTRICITY LABORATORY AT THE SEISMOLOGY AND SEISM ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION ARE POINTED OUT.

1. INTRODUCTION: THE PAPER PRESENTS A CONCISE REVIEW ON THE LATEST ACHIEVEMENTS MADE IN THE CONTEXT OF PROJECTION-BASED PARTICLE METHODS, INCLUDING MPS AND INCOMPRESSIBLE SPH (ISPH) METHODS. THE LATEST ACHIEVEMENTS CORRESPONDING TO STABILITY, ACCURACY, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND ENERGY CONSERVATION ENHANCEMENTS AS WELL AS ADVANCEMENTS RELATED TO SIMULATIONS OF MULTIPHASE FLOWS, FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS, SURFACE TENSION AND HEAT DIFFUSION ARE REVIEWED.

A GROIN IS A COASTAL PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTION VASTLY USED SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE CURRENT CENTURY, WHICH MAINLY CREATES OR PRESERVES A PROTECTED COAST, OR RETRIEVES AND DEVELOPS A COAST (THROUGH WIDENING BY CONTAINMENT OF THE COASTAL MATERIALS).THE GROIN PERFORMANCE IS BASED ON REDUCING THE CURRENT SPEED, SEDIMENTATION AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE SAND FLOATING IN THE SEA WATER OR MOVING ONTO THE COAST (BED LOAD) IN THE TARGETED LOCATION. KNOWING THE PERFORMANCE OF EACH COASTAL PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTION HAS A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE PROSPERITY OF THE RELATED COASTAL PROJECTS. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE PERFORMANCE OF THE GROINS IN COASTS IS SURVEYED AND IDENTIFIED. WHILE HAVING A GENERAL REVIEW ON DESIGN CRITERIA (LENGTH, HEIGHT, PLACEMENT DISTANCE, PERMEABILITY AND ITS ANGLE WITH THE COASTLINE) IN SOME INVESTIGATORS PERSPECTIVE, THEIR VARIETY IN STRUCTURE AND GROIN PLACEMENT SYSTEMS OR THEIR UNCOMMON TYPES ARE INTRODUCED AND COMPARED, AND THEIR PERFORMANCE RESTRICTIONS ARE DESCRIBED AS WELL. AT THE END OF THE ARTICLE, A CASE STUDY ON THE UNSUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GROINS IN THE COASTS OF THE CASPIAN SEA (AMIRABAD PICKET) IS PRESENTED AND ITS FAILURE REASONS ARE DESCRIBED.

GROINS ARE OFTEN USED IN RIVER ENGINEERING FOR NAVIGATION IMPROVEMENT OR BANK SUPPORT, AS WELL AS IN COASTAL ENGINEERING FOR BANK OR BEACH PROTECTION. GROINS ARE ‘HARD’ ENGINEERING STRUCTURES SPECIFICALLY DEPLOYED FOR SHORELINE PROTECTION AND/OR STABILIZATION. IN SOME SPECIFICALLY-DESIGNED CASES, THEY ARE EMPLOYED TO FACILITATE ENHANCEMENT OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL TIDAL FLOWS, IN ORDER TO PROMOTE SEDIMENT SCOURING. IN RECENT YEARS THERE IS GROWING INTEREST IN USING GROINS FOR STREAM CORRIDOR RESTORATION PROJECTS. THE EMBAYMENT REGION BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE GROINS ACTS AS A DEAD WATER ZONE WHERE THE LOCAL RESIDENCE TIME OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IS MUCH LARGER UNDER CERTAIN CONDITION GROIN FIELDS CAN PROVIDE CONDITION NECESSARY FOR NATURAL GROWTH OF THE VEGETATION IN THE RIVER OR COAST. FIRST IN THE ARTICLE THE GROYNE IMPACT ON BEACH WAS INVESTIGATED, HOWEVER DESIGN CRITERIA IN TO OTHER COASTAL’S BOOKS HAS BEEN OBSERVED, THE SCOUR CRITERIA AT THIS STRUCTURE IS PAID LESS. AT THE END OF THE PAPER TO THE SCOUR RISK OF COAST PREDICTED.

IN OUR MODERN WORLD, COASTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL SEDIMENTS AND EROSION ARE CONSIDERED TO BE VITAL ELEMENTS IN MANAGEMENT OF NATIONAL COASTAL AREAS. A LARGE PART OF SEDIMENTS OF CASPIAN SEA COAST ARE SUBJECT TO EROSION AS A RESULT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES (FLUCTUATIONS IN SEA LEVEL AND COASTAL WAVES AND CURRENTS AS WELL AS WIND). THE RATE AND SEVERITY OF EROSION HAZARDS VARIES DEPENDING ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHY AND HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF COASTAL AREAS. THIS RESEARCH AIMS TO ASSESS THE NATURAL CHARACTER OF THE COASTAL SEDIMENTS AND THEIR BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE FORCES EROSION DURING THE THREE-YEAR INTERVALS AFTER THE INITIAL DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING, AND INTENDS TO CONDUCT AN ANALYSIS USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. THROUGH FIELD OBSERVATIONS, SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS OF THE GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE OF THE WHOLE COAST WAS CONDUCTED AND A TOTAL NUMBER OF 90 SEDIMENT SAMPLES WERE TAKEN IN DIFFERENT TIMES. AFTER ANALYSIS OF THE SAMPLES AND PROCESSING THE DATA FROM THEIR COMPUTER ACTIVITIES, IT WAS FOUND THAT RATES OF EROSION RISK IN CASPIAN SEA SEDIMENTS HAS A CONSIDERABLE VARIETY - BOTH IN TERMS OF QUANTITY AND INTENSITY. IT WAS FOUND THAT ANZALI IN GILAN AND NASHTAROOD COASTAL AREAS (MAZANDARAN) HAVE THE HIGHEST VULNERABILITY TO EROSION.

COASTAL ENGINEERING, DESPITE HAVING A SHORT HISTORY COMPARED TO OTHER ENGINEERING BRANCHES, HAS GAINED VALUABLE EXPERIENCES DURING THE RECENT DECADES AS A RESULT OF LAUNCHING A GREAT VARIETY OF PROJECTS. RANGE OF ACTIVITIES IN MARINE STRUCTURES HAS REMARKABLY INCREASED DURING THE RECENT YEARS AND THE NUMBER OF MARINE CONSULTANT ENGINEERING COMPANIES IS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED. TO SHOW THE IMPORTANCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND DEPOSITS MOVEMENT COURSE IN CASPIAN SEA AND PERSIAN GULF PORTS, THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON THREE FISHING PORTS AS SAMPLE PORTS WHICH FACE EXTREME SEDIMENTATION. THIS AREA OF STUDY SEEMS TO NEED MORE ATTENTION IN ORDER TO REVEAL HIDDEN ASPECTS OF THIS INDUSTRY AND BOOST ITS CAPABILITIES. A FLOURISHED MARINE INDUSTRY CAN BENEFIT OTHER NATIONAL ECONOMIC SECTORS AND DO SOMETHING IMPORTANT IN BOOSTING NATIONAL ECONOMY, INCREASED RATE OF CARGO TRANSPORTATION AND MAKE FULL ACCESS TO CARGOES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.